United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 2. 4. In 2. 01. 3, the UAE's population was 9. Emirati citizens and 7. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al- Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al- Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an absolute monarch; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates.
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Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language (although English and Indian- language dialects are widely spoken, with English being the language of business and education particularly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai). The UAE's oil reserves are the seventh- largest in the world while its natural gas reserves are the world's seventeenth- largest. Stone tools recovered from Jebel Faya in the emirate of Sharjah reveal a settlement of people from Africa some 1.
Jebel Barakah on the Arabian coast suggests an even older habitation from 1. This contact persisted and became wide- ranging, probably motivated by trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains, which commenced around 3. BCE. From the second century AD, there was a movement of tribes from Al Bahreyn towards the lower Gulf, together with a migration among the Azdite Qahtani (or Yamani) and Quda'ah tribal groups from south west Arabia towards central Oman. Sassanid groups were present on the Batinah coast. In 6. 37, Julfar (in the area of today's Ra's al- Khaimah) was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the Sassanian Empire.
Thought to be Nestorian and built in 6. AD, the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 7. AD. Certainly, by the 5th century, Oman had a bishop named John – the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 6. AD. This led to a group of rulers travelling to Medina, converting to Islam and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular Sassanids, who dominated the Northern coasts at the time.
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The Caliph Abu Bakr sent an army from the capital Medina which completed its reconquest of the territory (the Ridda Wars) with the bloody battle of Dibba in which 1. The seasonal movements of these groups led not only to frequent clashes between groups but also to the establishment of seasonal and semi- seasonal settlements and centres. These formed tribal groupings whose names are still carried by modern Emiratis, including the Bani Yas and Al Bu Falah of Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Liwa and the Al Bahrayn coast, the Dhawahir, Awamir and Manasir of the interior, the Sharqiyin of the east coast and the Qawasim to the North.
By the 1. 7th century, the Bani Yas confederation was the dominant force in most of the area now known as Abu Dhabi. The following year, Britain and a number of local rulers signed a treaty to combat piracy along the Persian Gulf coast, giving rise to the term Trucial States, which came to define the status of the coastal emirates. Further treaties were signed in 1. Primarily in reaction to the ambitions of other European countries, namely France and Russia, the British and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1.
British with other Persian Gulf principalities. The sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the British and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the British without their consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack. This treaty, the Exclusive Agreement, was signed by the Rulers of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah and Umm Al Quwain between 6 and 8 March 1. It was subsequently ratified by the Viceroy of India and the British Government in London. However, the British prohibition of the slave trade meant an important source of income was lost to some sheikhs and merchants.
Khawr al Udayd was claimed by Abu Dhabi at that time, a claim supported by the British. In 1. 90. 6, the British Political Resident, Percy Cox, confirmed in writing to the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ('Zayed the Great') that Khawr al Udayd belonged to his sheikhdom. The First World War had a severe impact on the industry, but it was the economic depression of the late 1. The remnants of the trade eventually faded away shortly after the Second World War, when the newly independent Government of India imposed heavy taxation on pearls imported from the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The decline of pearling resulted in extreme economic hardship in the Trucial States. The seven sheikhs of the emirates then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office. In 1. 95. 2, they formed the Trucial States Council.
The council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed. The Trucial Oman Scouts was a small military force used by the British to keep the peace. In 1. 95. 5, the United Kingdom sided with Abu Dhabi in the latter's dispute with Oman over the Buraimi Oasis, another territory to the south. Aware of the potential for the development of natural resources such as oil, following finds in Persia (from 1. Mesopotamia (from 1.
British- led oil company, the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), showed an interest in the region. The Anglo- Persian Oil Company (APOC, later to become British Petroleum, or BP) had a 2. IPC. From 1. 93. 5, onshore concessions to explore for oil were agreed with local rulers, with APOC signing the first one on behalf of Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), an associate company of IPC. A number of options between PCL and the trucial rulers were signed, providing useful revenue for communities experiencing poverty following the collapse of the pearl trade. However, the wealth of oil which the rulers could see from the revenues accruing to surrounding countries such as Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia remained elusive.
The first bore holes in Abu Dhabi were drilled by IPC's operating company, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) at Ras Sadr in 1. BP joined with Compagnie Fran. A number of undersea oil surveys were carried out, including one led by the famous marine explorer, Jacques Cousteau. In March, it struck oil in the Upper Thamama, a rock formation that would provide many valuable oil finds.
This was the first commercial discovery of the Trucial Coast, leading to the first exports of oil in 1. ADMA made further offshore discoveries at Zakum and elsewhere, and other companies made commercial finds such as the Fateh oilfield off Dubai and the Mubarak field off Sharjah (shared with Iran). Tarif. As oil revenues increased, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, undertook a massive construction program, building schools, housing, hospitals and roads. When Dubai's oil exports commenced in 1. Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai, was able to invest the revenues from the limited reserves found to spark the diversification drive that would create the modern global city of Dubai.
British MPs debated the preparedness of the Royal Navy to defend the sheikhdoms. Secretary of State for Defence. Denis Healey reported that the British Armed Forces were seriously overstretched and in some respects dangerously under- equipped to defend the sheikhdoms. On 2. 4 January 1.
British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the government's decision, reaffirmed in March 1. Prime Minister Edward Heath to end the treaty relationships with the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms, that had been, together with Bahrain and Qatar, under British protection. Days after the announcement, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, fearing vulnerability, tried to persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay the full costs of keeping the British Armed Forces in the Emirates. The British Labour government rejected the offer. An Iranian destroyer group broke formation from an exercise in the lower Gulf, sailing to the Tunb islands.
The islands were taken by force, civilians and Arab defenders alike allowed to flee. A British warship stood idle during the course of the invasion. But there, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi recognized his forces would not be able to challenge the invading Iranian naval forces. The island was quickly leased to Iran for $3 million a year. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia laid claim to swathes of Abu Dhabi.
When the British- Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on 1 December 1. It was also agreed between the two that the constitution be written by 2 December 1. Bahrain and Qatar declined their invitations to join the union. Ras al- Khaimah joined later, in early 1.
The UAE joined the Arab League in 1. It was a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1. Abu Dhabi hosting the first summit. UAE forces joined the allies against Iraq after the invasion of Kuwait in 1. After independence. The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1. Persian Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch.
The country had already signed a military defense agreement with the U. S. His eldest son, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, succeeded as Emir of Abu Dhabi. In accordance with the constitution, the UAE's Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa as president.
Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan succeeded Khalifa as Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi. A small number of hand- picked voters chose half of the members of the Federal National Council, an advisory body. UAE has largely escaped the Arab Spring, which other countries have had; however, more than 1.
Emirati activists were jailed and tortured because they sought reforms. Furthermore, some people have had their nationality revoked. Mindful of the protests in nearby Bahrain, in November 2.
UAE outlawed online mockery of its own government or attempts to organise public protests through social media. It shares a 5. 30- kilometre (3. Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a 4. Oman on the southeast and northeast.